Further debugging.
The below was done with a Nord VPN using the instructions provided, still no internet.
I am running tcpdump from the built-in CLI via the web browser on the RUT. On the laptop I am attempting to ping 1.1.1.1 and 8.8.8.8.
I can see the following:
tcpdump -i tun0 -n -v
192.168.1.X > 1.1.1.1: ICMP echo request, id 1, seq XXX, length XXX
192.168.1.X > 1.1.1.1: ICMP echo request, id 1, seq XXX, length XXX
192.168.1.X > 1.1.1.1: ICMP echo request, id 1, seq XXX, length XXX
etc...
Notice, no return traffic coming through tun0.
and
tcpdump -i wwan0 -n -v
WAN_IP.50001 > VPN_IP.443, proto TCP, flags, length etc.
VPN_IP.443 > WAN_IP.50001, proto TCP, flags, length etc.
WAN_IP.50001 > VPN_IP.443, proto TCP, flags, length etc.
VPN_IP.443 > WAN_IP.50001, proto TCP, flags, length etc.
WAN_IP = the IP assigned to my WAN interface by the ISP
VPN_IP = the public IP address of the VPN
As you can see, the wwan0 interface is both sending and receiving traffic, whilst tun0 only see's transmit traffic and no return traffic.