Rather than create a new post, I had discovered a similar issue since upgrading to v07.04.2 on my RUTX50. However it looks like Teltonika are aware and a fix is due in the next update, great news. I'll post my findings here anyway for anyone else having a similar issue who also may be looking for a solution...
I also run my RUTX50 in passthrough mode (UK Vodafone, Data Only SIM) to a non-Teltonika managed router, and on Firmware v07.04.1 all was functioning as expected. I backed up my configuration settings and updated the Firmware to v07.04.2 and with the exact same configuration settings applied, was not seeing traffic 'south' of the RUTX50. I could see the expected Vodafone IP settings and signal strengths, all as per usual, and could even perform a speed test using the WebUI within the RUTX50. But no internet on the connected devices after this, no Google, BBC, Netflix, etc.
After calming the family down about the 5mins lack of internet, I changed from 'Passthrough' to 'NAT' mode on the RUTX50, applied the settings, and everything sprang back into life as before with internet traffic passing, all be it with a couple of double NAT warnings. I went back to 'Passthrough' mode, even tried DHCP on and off (normally off), but still the same issue of no traffic, which is when I found this post and as per DaumantasG's suggestion, rolled back to Firmware v07.04.1, and everything works again in 'Passthrough'.
I've now downloaded this Firmware & my backups settings locally as a 'known working' configuration for the future...
Hopefully someone else finds this post useful, and thanks again DaumantasG for the fix and danjeman for the descriptive post!
Kind Regards, OGBB.